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Go to Editorial ManagerObjective Examine how transdermal drug delivery systems can yield advantages over conventional methods, especially in terms of maximizing efficacy while reducing toxicity and bypassing hepatic metabolism. The study also aims to review ethosomal systems as a novel nanocarrier for enhanced transdermal drug delivery. Methods A comprehensive review of transdermal drug delivery systems with an accent on ethosomes. Three types of ethosomal systems were studied based on their composition, which are transethosomes, binary ethosomes, and classical ethosomes. These methods were explored to determine how the differences in preparation techniques and formulation methods influenced system properties, including vesicle size, zeta potential, drug entrapment efficiency, skin penetration, and stability. Results Ethosomes are emerging as potent transdermal drug carriers.They can encompass drugs with a broad diversity of physicochemical properties, and due to their high ethanol levels, ethanol has been used to increase the penetration of the drug molecules by disrupting the lipid structure of the stratum corneum.(Due to the deeper skin layers,it may include the subcutaneous layer,but the target for transdermal drug delivery is that the drug is systemically absorbed before reaching this layer). Transethosomes and binary ethosomes exhibited better flexibility and permeation than conventional ethosomes Conclusions Ethosomal systems have better drug penetration, lower toxicity, and higher therapeutic efficacy.This makes them a promising new way to give drugs through the skin. The performance of formulation ingredients and preparation methods has a big effect on how well they work. More research and improvements to these systems could make them more useful in medicine and pharmacology.
Floating Drug Delivery Systems (FDDS) is a very recent approach in the development of oral drug delivery systems, which can be employed to control the gastric emptying time of filled device for both sustained and controlled release (CR) preparations, to locate the CR in a particular site, to minimize the drug loss and to improve drug delivery. These types of systems have a low density, are buoyant in gastric fluid, maintain longer residence time in the stomach with controlled drug release. FDDS can be prepared in tablets, capsules, powders, granules, films and microspheres and are especially valuable when dealing with highly water-soluble drugs with short halflife, having absorption window low in the gut or having instability at intestinal pH. There are several types of FDDS such as effervescent, non-effervescent, raft-forming, the hydrodynamically balanced and the inflatable system that uses different ways to float and consequent modification of release. Their performance is highly dependent upon physiological parameters, such as gastric pH, motility, meal content, age, and body position. FDDS have various advantages such as increased bioavailability, rapid onset of action, a lower frequency of dose administration, better patient compliance, and long site-specific action in the stomach, which is useful in the case of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and peptic ulcers. Nevertheless, gastric emptying variability and complexity of the formulation still pose obstacles. Newer excipients and polymers and newer carriers will continue to improve these systems, making FDDS a potential weapon for future gastroprotective and controlled-release therapies.