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Go to Editorial ManagerStreptococcus salivarius is a Gram-positive, non-pathogenic bacterium naturally found in the oral microbiota of healthy individuals. It is recognized as an effective probiotic due to its antimicrobial properties and ability to stimulate the immune system, particularly activating natural killer (NK) cells and producing anti-tumor cytokines such as interferon-gamma and interleukin-12 (IL-12). Strains K12 and M18 of this bacterium are specifically used to combat harmful oral bacteria and prevent tooth decay. These strains act by producing bacteriocins, especially against Streptococcus mutans (the main cause of tooth decay). Probiotics, in general, are live microorganisms that, when consumed in sufficient amounts, have beneficial effects on the host's health. Streptococcus salivarius, as a probiotic, plays a role not only in oral and dental health but also in improving overall body health. Studies have shown that this bacterium can help reduce bad breath, improve gum health, and reduce dental plaque formation. Additionally, the use of products containing this probiotic, such as toothpaste and mouthwash, can help its effective colonization in the oral cavity. Compared to conventional methods such as the use of antibiotics, probiotics are safer and reduce the risk of microbial resistance. However, probiotic consumption may cause mild side effects such as bloating or diarrhea in some individuals. Overall, Streptococcus salivarius as a promising probiotic plays an important role in maintaining oral and dental health and improving the quality of life.
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are essential in food generation and the maintenance of good health. There is a growing interest in these species in order to learn more about the many health advantages they may provide. LAB's activities are dependent on the number of bacteria present in the gastrointestinal system and their species and strain specific. Chemical preservatives and processed meals are causing a lot of anxiety among consumers. Products containing or treated with LAB, on the other hand, are widely acknowledged as a normal approach to keep food and enhance health. The current publication intended to summarize the research on the function of probiotic LAB in food preservation, gastrointestinal immunomodulation, and health benefits. In food science and associated researches, the identification and categorization of helpful bacteria is critical. Traditional phenotypic techniques have several drawbacks, including the possibility of misidentification of a target, which limits their use. Genotyping techniques have a larger chance of succeeding, and they are commonly employed to differentiate microorganisms. The techniques used to genotype lactic acid bacteria (LAB) varies somewhat from each other, and each instrument has a set of benefits and drawbacks. This reviewing study covers different fingerprinting approaches used to identify and characterize LAB at the species, sub-species, and strain levels. The majority of such methods rely on restriction digestion, polymerase chain reaction amplification, as well as sequencing. Concerning cost, technique, and throughput DNA sequencing technologies have advanced significantly in recent years. A worldwide research effort is underway to produce enhanced versions of broadly