Medication adherence is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as "the degree to which the person‟s behavior corresponds with the agreed recommendations from a health care provider, Adherence to therapies is a primary determinant of treatment success. The aim of the current study to compute the level of medication adherence in hospitalized and non hospitalized patients in order to compare between them and demonstrate the effect of non adherence on hospitalization rate. Sixty patients were participating in the current study (30 hospitalized, 30 non hospitalized) with age ≥ 18 years old, using morisky questionnaire and general questionnaire to collect information that relate to the patient lifestyle, diet, age, sex etc. It was found that 60% of hospitalized patients involved in the study had low adherents, 26.6% medium and only 13.3% were high adherents compared to non hospitalized with 33.3% being high adherents, 33.3% low and medium adherents, and the direct relationship between decreased adherence and increased hospitalization rates, also noticed the effects of age, complexity of treatment, patient provider interactions and unwanted side effects of medications on the rates of adherence. The study found that low adherence was higher in hospitalized patients; the rate of high adherence was increased in non hospitalized patients. Adherence to prescriptions is linked to age, patients' beliefs, education about their health, their trust in health care workers.
The recent study aimed to examine the Methanolic extract of Eucalyptus sp. leaves against some opportunistic fungi. The leaves of Eucalyptus sp. were collected, dried and then grinded. Powder of leaves was extracted using methanol and then filtered using filter papers. The filtrate was then centrifuged and then the filtrate was concentrated using a rotary evaporator. A stock solution was used to determine the inhibitory activity of the extract against opportunistic fungi. The results of detecting the active substances in the crude
Floating Drug Delivery Systems (FDDS) is a very recent approach in the development of oral drug delivery systems, which can be employed to control the gastric emptying time of filled device for both sustained and controlled release (CR) preparations, to locate the CR in a particular site, to minimize the drug loss and to improve drug delivery. These types of systems have a low density, are buoyant in gastric fluid, maintain longer residence time in the stomach with controlled drug release. FDDS can be prepared in tablets, capsules, powders, granules, films and microspheres and are especially valuable when dealing with highly water-soluble drugs with short halflife, having absorption window low in the gut or having instability at intestinal pH. There are several types of FDDS such as effervescent, non-effervescent, raft-forming, the hydrodynamically balanced and the inflatable system that uses different ways to float and consequent modification of release. Their performance is highly dependent upon physiological parameters, such as gastric pH, motility, meal content, age, and body position. FDDS have various advantages such as increased bioavailability, rapid onset of action, a lower frequency of dose administration, better patient compliance, and long site-specific action in the stomach, which is useful in the case of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and peptic ulcers. Nevertheless, gastric emptying variability and complexity of the formulation still pose obstacles. Newer excipients and polymers and newer carriers will continue to improve these systems, making FDDS a potential weapon for future gastroprotective and controlled-release therapies.
The Urtica dioica is a flowering plant with long history of use in folk medicine and as a food source. Nettles grow all over the world in mild to temperate climates. The study aimed to determine the antibacterial activity of alcoholic watery extracts of dry leaves of Urtica dioica on some pathogenic microorganisms (E.coli, Staphylococcus. aureus). The Plants were collected in the early time of January from Baghdad. Deride leaves of Uritica were extracted using co-solvent (Water and ethanol) extraction way by Soxhelt apparatus for crude extraction, and use rotary evaporator to obtain power extract. The series dilution was prepared 50%, 25, 12.5w/v that use on Mueller-Hinton agar plates against the St.aureus, E.coli by using well diffusion method then compared with antimicrobial activity of many antibiotics against the same isolates using Kirby-Bauer method. The crude extract of U. dioica showed significant antibacterial effect against some clinically important pathogenic bacteria Staph.aureus : at the concentration 50% the inhibition zone was 20 mm , followed by 25% (14mm) , and12.5%(10mm), and E.coli : at the concentration 50% the inhibition zone was18mm , followed by 25%(12mm) ,and 12.5(8mm) respectively. Based on the obtained results it can be concluded that U. dioica is useful as antibacterial agent in treating infectious diseases.