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Go to Editorial ManagerObjective: The aim of the present study is to investigate the relationship between the biochemical parameters (collagen IV and neopterin) and the etiology of Cushing's disease in Iraqi patients and to examine the biochemical action of the treatment (prednisolone and hydrocortisone) on the biochemical parameters (cortisol, ACTH, collagen IV, and neopterin). Methods: The patients were classified into four groups: G3 composed of (25) newly diagnosed males with Cushing’s disease / without treatment, G4 composed of (25) newly diagnosed females with Cushing’s disease / without treatment, G5 composed of (25) males with Cushing’s disease / under treatment with prednisolone and hydrocortisone and G6 composed of (25) females with Cushing’s disease / under treatment with prednisolone, Cushing’s patient were compared with healthy subjects with approximately the same range of age-matched with the patients and regarded as two control group: G1 composed of (25) healthy males and (G2) composed of (25) healthy females. The levels of all parameters were determined in sera of both patients and control groups. Results: Statistically, the level of cortisol and neopterin were highly significantly increased, ACTH level was significantly increased and collagen IV was highly significantly decreased in G3 and G4 compared with G1 and G2 respectively, the levels of cortisol and neopterin were decreased (non-significantly for males and significantly for females regarding cortisol, highly significant for males and significantly for females regarding neopterin ) in G5 and G6 compared with G3 and G4 respectively while the same treatment caused a side effect on both ACTH and collagen IV. Cortisol level was a highly significant increase in newly diagnosed females compared with males while the difference was non-significant regarding ACTH, Collagen IV, and neopterin. Conclusion: The current study submits novel findings by elucidating that collagen IV and neopterin show promise as novel biochemical markers for CD. Also, it highlights the reactive action of prednisolone and hydrocortisone in shifting cortisol and neopterin into the balance and the side effects and non-significant effects of these drugs on ACTH and collagen IV respectively.
The use of radioactive isotopes in the diagnosis and treatment of thyroid cancer is now an integral part of modern nuclear medicine. Gamma-emitting isotopes such as technetium-99m and iodine-123 serve as the main diagnostic imaging weapon enabling great sensitivity and specificity, non-invasive functional visualization of thyroid physiology and disease. Todine-131 is the dominant therapeutic isotope, emitting cytotoxic beta radiation for the treatment of metastatic differentiated thyroid cancer and thyroid remnant ablation. The effectiveness of radioactive iodine treatment is dependent on various factors including sodium-iodide symporter expression as well as dosimetry methods seeking to maximize absorbed dosages whilst simultaneously achieving successful treatment alongside minimizing non-target organ toxicity. Molecular radiotheragnostics and personalized dosimetry methods are slowly entering the clinical routine and will ensure higher diagnostic power and treatment efficacy in the future. Radioiodine-refractory thyroid cancers have long been challenging to manage, warranting novel approaches to integrate molecular biology, targeted therapies and immunotherapy. The changing context of radionuclide use in thyroid care highlights the necessity of multidisciplinary approaches, which promise to increase patient outcomes and the management of thyroid cancer
Objective: Acinetobacter baumannii is a pathogenic bacterium with clinical attributes of nosocomial infection and resistance to antibiotics. Phage therapy represents a potential solution because it can specifically target MDR strains. This study aimed to isolate and characterize a lytic bacteriophage specific to A. baumannii, evaluate its kinetic and lytic properties, and investigate the effects of laser treatment on enhancing phage antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant clinical isolates. Methods: Clinical specimens were collected from patients in three hospitals in Al-Diwaniyah, Iraq, and A. baumannii isolates were identified using standard biochemical tests, API systems, and 16S rRNA PCR sequencing. Environmental samples were screened to isolate lytic phages, which were propagated, purified, and analyzed using plaque assays and scanning electron microscopy. Phage kinetics—including adsorption rate, eclipse period, lysis time, and burst size—were assessed using standard bacteriophage quantification methods. Laser treatment was applied to evaluate its effect on phage activity under different temperatures and pH conditions. Results: A lytic phage specific to A. baumannii was successfully isolated, exhibiting an icosahedral head and a long tail typical of virulent phages. The phage showed rapid adsorption, a short eclipse period, and a high burst size (~111 phages per infected cell). It demonstrated strong lytic activity at temperatures between 35–45 °C and pH 8–10.5. Laser exposure, at 250 pulses, significantly enhanced phage antibacterial activity, resulting in faster bacterial lysis and increased phage productivity. Conclusions: The combination of phage therapy and laser treatment represents a promising strategy for combating MDR A. baumannii
Objective: To compare glycaemia control between glimepiride and metformin group with sitagliptin, glimepiride and metformin group in uncontrolled type 2 diabetic patient. Methods: This retrospective, randomized, clinical study was done in the diabetes research center. The number of the patient in this study was thirty-five patients. The patients examined individually in detail to check their general health in addition to the physical state. For all the patients, data had been collected and fasting plasma glucose level had been measured. Participants have been chosen by unresponsiveness of diabetic patient to single therapy of metformin or glimepiride in this trial. The patients were allocated into 2 groups. Group I include 14 patient given glimepiride, metformin and sitagliptin, while group II include 21 patients given glimepiride and metformin. Both Results: A statistical significant decrease was found in fasting plasma glucose level when compare before and after treatment regimen of sitagliptin, Glimepiride and Metformin group while no significant difference in fasting plasma glucose when comparing the triple therapy group (Sitagliptin, Glimepiride and Metformin) with the double therapy group (Glimepiride and Metformin) after thirty days of treatment. groups continue treatment for thirty days and statistical analyses include data collection was done. Conclusion: No significant difference was found between glimepiride and metformin therapy with sitagliptin, glimepiride and metformin therapy in uncontrolled type 2 diabetic patient.
Psoriasis is a chronic immuno-mediated inflammatory disease of 2.3% prevalence in Iraqi the etiology of the disease is not identified well. A wide variation in disease picture and response to treatment occur due to the complexity of the disease. The study includes 75 male and female people diagnosed with psoriasis. General data and treatment used have been analyzed. A questionnaire is prepared. The study shows that there were twenty-one patients aged between 15 and 24 years, thirty-three patients aged between 25 and 34 years, eight patients aged between 35 and 44 years, and thirteen patients were identified as being older than 44 years. The study shows that the distribution of patients is such that fifty-five percent are male, while forty-five percent are female. Betamethasone was most steroid used. Most of the patients repeat the treatment courses more than two times and most of the patients participated in the study use only one drug. In Conclusion both topical and systemic treatment is used and mostly steroids were the common used group.
ABSTRACT Psoriasis (PSO) is an immune-mediated dermatological disorder marked by thick, erythematous, scaly plaques resulting from rapid, excessive cellular growth. Anti-inflammatory agents, immunosuppressant’s, and additional pharmaceuticals serve as the principal therapeutic strategy for psoriasis to alleviate symptoms, diminish inflammation, and inhibit the proliferation and division of epidermal cells. Nevertheless, these drugs generally include disadvantages that impose significant physiological and pathological burdens on patients, including inadequate targeting, brief half-lives, limited absorption rates, and severe toxic side effects. Researchers have recently concentrated significant effort on employing delivery systems for the topical administration of drugs to affected psoriatic skin regions. These systems increase pharmacological efficacy, stability, and penetration. More therapeutic concepts for the treatment of PSO are made possible by the ongoing development of numerous multifunctional topical delivery technologies. This publication reviews various delivery strategies, including hydrogels, nanoparticles, microneedles, micelles, dendrimers, liposomes, nanoemulsions, and vesicles, for topical therapy of PSO and delineates their current developmental status in clinical treatment. It is expected to facilitate the progression of PSO treatment methodologies and provide a benchmark for the development of novel topical delivery systems.
Objective: Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial, infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium Tuberculosis complex. TB causes a wide range of clinical infections affecting many parts of the body. Multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is caused by bacteria that are resistant to both isoniazid and rifampicin, the most effective anti- TB drugs, or more. MDR-TB presents a major concern in many countries and continues to threaten TB control. Methods: A retrospective cohort study carried out from 5 Jan 2020 to 30 March 2020 at the Specialized Chest and Respiratory Disease Center in Baghdad. The records of the patients who received multidrug treatment were included in the study. On the other hand, all the records that not contain full information about the socio-demographic characteristics, history of travelling or other disease, type and duration of treatment, and drug culture sensitivity excluded from the study. Results: From the 650 patients whom there records were reviewed, 130 patients had single or multi-drug resistance mainly to rifampicin and isoniazide. Comparing the presence of drug resistance according the gender showed that the number of males who had resistance to drugs was higher than that of females. Conclusion: Tuberculosis affects mainly the productive age group. It affects males more than females. Resistance to anti TB drugs was found in one fifth of patients who received treatment.
Diabetic ulcer is a significant medical issue affecting millions of patients globally due to consequential morbidity, mortality, and health care system costs. The complex pathophysiological process of delayed wound healing in diabetic patients remains inadequately addressed with conventional treatment modalities. This review summarises recent advances in smart, responsive engineered drug delivery systems for the treatment of diabetic ulcers. Moreover, we exemplify these strategies using emerging technologies, including nanotechnology, hydrogel matrices, stimulus-responsive systems, and bioactives. New methodologies, including next-generation approaches such as 3D-printed scaffolds, nanofiber systems, and theranostic platforms, are presented as alternative treatment options that could change the landscape of diabetes-related wound care. Discussions on the challenges of translation, regulation, and application of new pharma-technologies in clinical research are offered
Medication adherence is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as "the degree to which the person‟s behavior corresponds with the agreed recommendations from a health care provider, Adherence to therapies is a primary determinant of treatment success. The aim of the current study to compute the level of medication adherence in hospitalized and non hospitalized patients in order to compare between them and demonstrate the effect of non adherence on hospitalization rate. Sixty patients were participating in the current study (30 hospitalized, 30 non hospitalized) with age ≥ 18 years old, using morisky questionnaire and general questionnaire to collect information that relate to the patient lifestyle, diet, age, sex etc. It was found that 60% of hospitalized patients involved in the study had low adherents, 26.6% medium and only 13.3% were high adherents compared to non hospitalized with 33.3% being high adherents, 33.3% low and medium adherents, and the direct relationship between decreased adherence and increased hospitalization rates, also noticed the effects of age, complexity of treatment, patient provider interactions and unwanted side effects of medications on the rates of adherence. The study found that low adherence was higher in hospitalized patients; the rate of high adherence was increased in non hospitalized patients. Adherence to prescriptions is linked to age, patients' beliefs, education about their health, their trust in health care workers.
Background A major limitation is the low selectivity of conventional chemotherapeutic agents, which results in severe toxicity on non-malignant tissues. Scaffolds based on indole have recently been identified as interesting new anticancer candidates but selective cytotoxicity continues to be a key target. Objective The goal of this study was to determine the cytotoxic and specific anticancer effects of a novel 5-bromo-indole-derived carbothioamide (BTIC) on several malignant and non-cancerous cell lines. Methods After a 48-hour treatment, BTIC's antiproliferative effectiveness against human breast cancer (MCF-7), lung cancer (A549), & normal endothelium (HUVEC) cell lines was evaluated using the MTT assay. Data shown as dose-response curves were subjected to nonlinear regression analysis to determine IC50 values. Preferential cytotoxicity was evaluated using the selectivity index (SI). Results In every cell line examined, BTIC had a cytotoxic impact; furthermore, this toxicity was concentration-dependent. This compound exhibited the most powerful activity against A549 cells (IC50 = 3.5 µg/mL), followed by MCF-7 cells IC50 (5.4 µg/mL), and significant cytotoxicity was recorded in HUVEC cells (IC50 = 10.4 µg/mL). A selective cytotoxicity on cancer cells was suggested by these reported SI values (2.97 and 1.93 for A549 and MCF-7, respectively). Conclusion BTIC was also a lead chemical with potent anticancer action against lung cancer cells in vitro, which exhibited high specificity. Therapeutic translation requires additional mechanistic and in vivo studies.
Graphene is one of the most important compounds that possess a lot of very unique chemical properties. The importance of graphene and its diverse medical use in all directions has increased, making this matter the focus of attention and attention of scientists and medical specialists with regard to the early diagnosis of cancer and tumors, its clinical follow-up and treatment, especially in recent years. In this review, the medical and pharmacological applications and uses of graphene in the early diagnosis of different types of cancer and how to follow up on disease cases were discussed. The most important difficulties facing researchers in the applied medical field of graphene were also discussed. The important and exceptional feature of graphene composite was the influential point in the diversity of medical applications of graphene, including electronic superconductivity, very high surface area, thermal conductivity, mechanical strength, low economic cost, and possible development methods .A deep and comprehensive understanding of the interactions of graphene, which include organs and tissues, could lead to the production or formation of nano platforms such as graphene oxide that are more productive than graphene, Which has shown many important achievements regarding the applications of medical sensors that were in their initial stages.
Objective to find the potential anti–angiogenic and antioxidant effect of Anabasis setifera extracts. Methods The rat aortic ring anti-angiogenesis assay, DPPH radical scavenging assay, and chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay were carried out in the tissue culture laboratory of the Department of Pharmacology, College of pharmacy, Al-Nahrain University. Results The aqueous extract of Anabasis setifera demonstrated significant inhibition of microvessel outgrowth in the rat aortic ring assay by 71% , with 86.5% reduction of blood vessels growth In the CAM model, treatment resulted in a marked reduction in neovascularization compared with the control group. The extract also exhibited concentration-dependent antioxidant activity in the (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging assay Conclusions The water extract of Anabasis setifera . exhibits significant anti-angiogenic and antioxidant activities and may represent a promising natural source angiogenesis agents .
With the increasing applications of gold nanoparticles in cancer treatment and medical delivery, it has become necessary to study the biological effects of gold nanoparticles. The study aimed to evaluate the biological effects of gold nanoparticles against the mcf-7 & mda-mb-231 cell line. Gold nanoparticles were characterized using several analytical techniques including X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy (UV-VIS), Energy Dispersion X-ray (EDX), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), and Filed Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM).. The characterization results confirmed the successful synthesis of high purity quasi-spherical gold nanoparticles with particle sizes ranging from 38 to 59 nm. The cytotoxic effect of the synthesized AuNPs was investigated using the MTT assay on both MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines at six different concentrations. The results indicated a concentration-dependent inhibitory effect of gold nanoparticles on both cancer cell lines, with a high cytotoxic activity observed against the MDA-MB-231 cell line. The results of this study indicate the potential use of gold nanoparticles against various types of cancer cell lines, as well as the potential use of gold nanoparticles in treating cancerous diseases with vivo cell.
Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient is a substance that considered as one of the important materials that enter into the manufacture of the final pharmaceutical product, and its activity. Pharmaceuticals have a significant impact on the treatment and diagnosis of pathological conditions, and thus reduce the economic burden of the disease. As well, it has a role in the restoration, correction, or modification of physiological functions in human. Excipients play an important role in a drug's performance, including bioavailability, improving solubility, preserving the PH, stability, and determining the profile of the release. The reduction in the production cost of active pharmaceutical ingredient is not only due to the reduction in workers' wages, beside to innovations in the production method, which could help to reduce the economic state. The excipients have an essential part in industry of drugs, which contain a dependable, repeatable production method that produces a more stable product over time and increasing patient compliance.
Introduction and analysis: A comprehensive literature search was performed using PubMed and Google Scholar databases. The paper analyses works published within 2013 and 2025 were highlighted to ensure up-to-date judgements. Microorganism settle with all human body surfaces like gastrointestinal tract. Affecting broad of aspects regarding body physiological activities as a mediator, homeostasis, metabolism, inflammatory responses and most important is the interaction between gut microbiota enzymes and orally administered drugs. The review discuss many interventions regards microbiota within drugs that leads to hinder and fluctuates the bioavailability and effectiveness. Some interactions lead to reduce the efficacy of intake drugs while other may boost the therapy, by its effect on absorption, metabolism and reconditioning. A list of examples easy to access within database reveals the dug microbiota interaction by different mechanism, this review shows few examples upon different way of interaction to present a clear understands to such interventions. Conclusion: It is worthy to aim targeting the gut microbiota in different diseases, to assist in slow progression and improve the treatment. Therefore, by concentrating on all of these gaps and offering a genuine answer through creative methods, new trustworthy diagnostic tools, and microbiome targeted therapy, it is hoped to reduce response fluctuation and improve quality of life.
Objective Angiogenesis is an essential process in tumor growth and progression, and thus it represents a promising therapeutic target. Lawsonia inermis (henna) is a widely-used traditional medicine with different biological applications, and its bioactive components, especially lawsone, showed anticancer activity. The objective of this research was to measure the anti-angiogenic and antioxidant properties of Lawsonia inermis leaf ethanolic extract in ex vivo and in vivo systems. Methods Soxhlet was used to prepare the ethanolic extract of the Lawsonia inermis leaf. The ex vivo rat aorta ring assay was used to test the anti-angiogenic activity at the concentrations of 100, 50, 25, 12.5, and 6.25 µg/mL. The in vivo chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay was employed to confirm the anti-angiogenic effect at a concentration of 10 mg/mL. DPPH radical scavenging assay was used to determine the antioxidant activity with a concentration range of 3.125 to 100 µg/mL. Results The ethanolic extract demonstrated high anti-angiogenic activity in the rat aorta ring with 65.82% inhibition at 100 µg/mL and dose-dependent inhibition with an IC 50 of 54.2 µg/mL. In the CAM assay, acetylsalicylic acid (positive control) resulted in complete suppression of vascularization, validating the assay system. The extract exhibited a concentration-dependent radical scavenging ability of DPPH radical with an IC 50 value of 0.05 µg/mL. Conclusions Lawsonia inermis ethanolic extract has strong anti-angiogenic and antioxidant properties, which implies its possible application as a treatment of angiogenesis-related disorders, such as cancer. The anti-angiogenic effect was confirmed in both ex vivo and in vivo models.
Mitoxantrone is a chemotherapeutic very effective against a variety of human malignancies Administration of Mitoxantrone is associated with hepatotoxicity Zinc has protective effect in liver illness. This study aimed to determine the role of zinc gluconate as a hepatoprotective agent in Mitoxantrone induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Methods there were twenty-four male and female rats used. Rats were divided up Into three groups, each consisting of eight animals. Distilled water is in Group I (negative control).Group II Mitoxantrone was delivered intraperitoneally with a dosage of 2.50 mg/ kg in order to achieve a cumulative complete dosage of 7.50 mg /kg by day 20. Group III Zinc gluconate was orally provided at a dosage of 20 mg/ kg/day, and Mitoxantrone was injected intraperitoneally at a rate of 2.50 mg/kg. The goal was to attain a cumulative total dosage of 7.50mg/ kg by day 20.After 48 hours following the completion of the treatment period, diethyl ether was used to euthanize each animal (i.e., on day 22). Serum was used to determine the activity of the alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) enzymes.Each animal's liver was removed in order to perform a terminal deoxynucleotidyl-transferase-mediated-deoxyuridine-triphosphate, necked labeling (TUNEL) test to detect DNA fragmentation. Results Zinc gluconate significantly (P<0.05) decreased blood ALT and AST, and group III showed a higher percentage of normal hepatocyte cells and a lower percentage of apoptotic cells than group II. Conclusions Zinc gluconate may have a protective effect against the hepatotoxicity induced by Mitoxantrone in rats.
Objective: As the pandemic effect of viral infection with COVID-19 caused dreadful from death in worldwide, thereafter many vaccines manufactured against it. The aim of this study is to explore the acceptability of anti-COVID-19 vaccine in Iraqi population. Methods: An online survey conducted in February 2022 among current vaccinated people that included 308 participants (108 males and 200 females) aged (18-66) years. The questionnaire involved questions about the vaccine type ,vaccine dose number, presence of infection after vaccination, symptom of infection after vaccination, period of infection appearance after vaccination, duration of infection presence after vaccination. Results: The upper percent of questionnaire database reported that 68% of people take Pfizer vaccine, 84 % of people take twice dose of vaccine. Moreover, 68 % of people not infected after taking vaccine, symptom that appear after vaccination 15% mild to moderate. While, the period of infection appearance after vaccination was 25% more than one month, and the duration of infection presence after vaccination was 22% about one week. Conclusion: The outcomes of this study showed the important role of anti- COVID-19 vaccine in constricted the spreading effect of COVID-19 infection for a reasonable level.
Vital cellular processes such as, proliferation and tumor progression were reported to be centrally controlled by histone deacetylase (HDAC) enzymes which make them an interesting therapeutic target. Recently, a new paradigm has attracted researches to combine nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) with para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) and a zinc binding group (ZBG), presenting a synergistic impact on HDAC activity and inflammatory process. In the current study, a novel series of hybrid compounds (A1-6) were designed and evaluated for their HDAC binding affinity by molecular docking technique along with conducting an in-silico ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination) profiling to assess their pharmacokinetic characteristics. Compound A6 displayed the highest binding energy score (-9.539 kcal/mol) with the active site of HDAC 8 enzyme compared with the reference ligand, SAHA (-4.606 kcal/mol). Its worth mentioning that compound A6 has comparable coordination to the catalytic zinc ion with SAHA along with engaging additional hydrophobic and aromatic interaction within the active site of HDAC 8 enzyme. ADME analysis predicated high gastrointestinal absorption for A2, A5, and A6, which also comply with Lipinski's rule, indicating good oral bioavailability. Conversely, A1, A3, and A4 showed moderate absorption, suitable for parenteral or localized/colon-targeted delivery, potentially advantageous for colon cancer treatment. These results highlight these hybrids’ potential as HDAC inhibitors and support further synthesis and biological testing.