Objective: The aim of the present study is to investigate the relationship between the biochemical parameters (collagen IV and neopterin) and the etiology of Cushing's disease in Iraqi patients and to examine the biochemical action of the treatment (prednisolone and hydrocortisone) on the biochemical parameters (cortisol, ACTH, collagen IV, and neopterin). Methods: The patients were classified into four groups: G3 composed of (25) newly diagnosed males with Cushing’s disease / without treatment, G4 composed of (25) newly diagnosed females with Cushing’s disease / without treatment, G5 composed of (25) males with Cushing’s disease / under treatment with prednisolone and hydrocortisone and G6 composed of (25) females with Cushing’s disease / under treatment with prednisolone, Cushing’s patient were compared with healthy subjects with approximately the same range of age-matched with the patients and regarded as two control group: G1 composed of (25) healthy males and (G2) composed of (25) healthy females. The levels of all parameters were determined in sera of both patients and control groups. Results: Statistically, the level of cortisol and neopterin were highly significantly increased, ACTH level was significantly increased and collagen IV was highly significantly decreased in G3 and G4 compared with G1 and G2 respectively, the levels of cortisol and neopterin were decreased (non-significantly for males and significantly for females regarding cortisol, highly significant for males and significantly for females regarding neopterin ) in G5 and G6 compared with G3 and G4 respectively while the same treatment caused a side effect on both ACTH and collagen IV. Cortisol level was a highly significant increase in newly diagnosed females compared with males while the difference was non-significant regarding ACTH, Collagen IV, and neopterin. Conclusion: The current study submits novel findings by elucidating that collagen IV and neopterin show promise as novel biochemical markers for CD. Also, it highlights the reactive action of prednisolone and hydrocortisone in shifting cortisol and neopterin into the balance and the side effects and non-significant effects of these drugs on ACTH and collagen IV respectively.
The use of radioactive isotopes in the diagnosis and treatment of thyroid cancer is now an integral part of modern nuclear medicine. Gamma-emitting isotopes such as technetium-99m and iodine-123 serve as the main diagnostic imaging weapon enabling great sensitivity and specificity, non-invasive functional visualization of thyroid physiology and disease. Todine-131 is the dominant therapeutic isotope, emitting cytotoxic beta radiation for the treatment of metastatic differentiated thyroid cancer and thyroid remnant ablation. The effectiveness of radioactive iodine treatment is dependent on various factors including sodium-iodide symporter expression as well as dosimetry methods seeking to maximize absorbed dosages whilst simultaneously achieving successful treatment alongside minimizing non-target organ toxicity. Molecular radiotheragnostics and personalized dosimetry methods are slowly entering the clinical routine and will ensure higher diagnostic power and treatment efficacy in the future. Radioiodine-refractory thyroid cancers have long been challenging to manage, warranting novel approaches to integrate molecular biology, targeted therapies and immunotherapy. The changing context of radionuclide use in thyroid care highlights the necessity of multidisciplinary approaches, which promise to increase patient outcomes and the management of thyroid cancer
Objective: Acinetobacter baumannii is a pathogenic bacterium with clinical attributes of nosocomial infection and resistance to antibiotics. Phage therapy represents a potential solution because it can specifically target MDR strains. This study aimed to isolate and characterize a lytic bacteriophage specific to A. baumannii, evaluate its kinetic and lytic properties, and investigate the effects of laser treatment on enhancing phage antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant clinical isolates. Methods: Clinical specimens were collected from patients in three hospitals in Al-Diwaniyah, Iraq, and A. baumannii isolates were identified using standard biochemical tests, API systems, and 16S rRNA PCR sequencing. Environmental samples were screened to isolate lytic phages, which were propagated, purified, and analyzed using plaque assays and scanning electron microscopy. Phage kinetics—including adsorption rate, eclipse period, lysis time, and burst size—were assessed using standard bacteriophage quantification methods. Laser treatment was applied to evaluate its effect on phage activity under different temperatures and pH conditions. Results: A lytic phage specific to A. baumannii was successfully isolated, exhibiting an icosahedral head and a long tail typical of virulent phages. The phage showed rapid adsorption, a short eclipse period, and a high burst size (~111 phages per infected cell). It demonstrated strong lytic activity at temperatures between 35–45 °C and pH 8–10.5. Laser exposure, at 250 pulses, significantly enhanced phage antibacterial activity, resulting in faster bacterial lysis and increased phage productivity. Conclusions: The combination of phage therapy and laser treatment represents a promising strategy for combating MDR A. baumannii
Objective: To compare glycaemia control between glimepiride and metformin group with sitagliptin, glimepiride and metformin group in uncontrolled type 2 diabetic patient. Methods: This retrospective, randomized, clinical study was done in the diabetes research center. The number of the patient in this study was thirty-five patients. The patients examined individually in detail to check their general health in addition to the physical state. For all the patients, data had been collected and fasting plasma glucose level had been measured. Participants have been chosen by unresponsiveness of diabetic patient to single therapy of metformin or glimepiride in this trial. The patients were allocated into 2 groups. Group I include 14 patient given glimepiride, metformin and sitagliptin, while group II include 21 patients given glimepiride and metformin. Both Results: A statistical significant decrease was found in fasting plasma glucose level when compare before and after treatment regimen of sitagliptin, Glimepiride and Metformin group while no significant difference in fasting plasma glucose when comparing the triple therapy group (Sitagliptin, Glimepiride and Metformin) with the double therapy group (Glimepiride and Metformin) after thirty days of treatment. groups continue treatment for thirty days and statistical analyses include data collection was done. Conclusion: No significant difference was found between glimepiride and metformin therapy with sitagliptin, glimepiride and metformin therapy in uncontrolled type 2 diabetic patient.
Psoriasis is a chronic immuno-mediated inflammatory disease of 2.3% prevalence in Iraqi the etiology of the disease is not identified well. A wide variation in disease picture and response to treatment occur due to the complexity of the disease. The study includes 75 male and female people diagnosed with psoriasis. General data and treatment used have been analyzed. A questionnaire is prepared. The study shows that there were twenty-one patients aged between 15 and 24 years, thirty-three patients aged between 25 and 34 years, eight patients aged between 35 and 44 years, and thirteen patients were identified as being older than 44 years. The study shows that the distribution of patients is such that fifty-five percent are male, while forty-five percent are female. Betamethasone was most steroid used. Most of the patients repeat the treatment courses more than two times and most of the patients participated in the study use only one drug. In Conclusion both topical and systemic treatment is used and mostly steroids were the common used group.
Objective: Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial, infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium Tuberculosis complex. TB causes a wide range of clinical infections affecting many parts of the body. Multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is caused by bacteria that are resistant to both isoniazid and rifampicin, the most effective anti- TB drugs, or more. MDR-TB presents a major concern in many countries and continues to threaten TB control. Methods: A retrospective cohort study carried out from 5 Jan 2020 to 30 March 2020 at the Specialized Chest and Respiratory Disease Center in Baghdad. The records of the patients who received multidrug treatment were included in the study. On the other hand, all the records that not contain full information about the socio-demographic characteristics, history of travelling or other disease, type and duration of treatment, and drug culture sensitivity excluded from the study. Results: From the 650 patients whom there records were reviewed, 130 patients had single or multi-drug resistance mainly to rifampicin and isoniazide. Comparing the presence of drug resistance according the gender showed that the number of males who had resistance to drugs was higher than that of females. Conclusion: Tuberculosis affects mainly the productive age group. It affects males more than females. Resistance to anti TB drugs was found in one fifth of patients who received treatment.
Diabetic ulcer is a significant medical issue affecting millions of patients globally due to consequential morbidity, mortality, and health care system costs. The complex pathophysiological process of delayed wound healing in diabetic patients remains inadequately addressed with conventional treatment modalities. This review summarises recent advances in smart, responsive engineered drug delivery systems for the treatment of diabetic ulcers. Moreover, we exemplify these strategies using emerging technologies, including nanotechnology, hydrogel matrices, stimulus-responsive systems, and bioactives. New methodologies, including next-generation approaches such as 3D-printed scaffolds, nanofiber systems, and theranostic platforms, are presented as alternative treatment options that could change the landscape of diabetes-related wound care. Discussions on the challenges of translation, regulation, and application of new pharma-technologies in clinical research are offered
Medication adherence is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as "the degree to which the person‟s behavior corresponds with the agreed recommendations from a health care provider, Adherence to therapies is a primary determinant of treatment success. The aim of the current study to compute the level of medication adherence in hospitalized and non hospitalized patients in order to compare between them and demonstrate the effect of non adherence on hospitalization rate. Sixty patients were participating in the current study (30 hospitalized, 30 non hospitalized) with age ≥ 18 years old, using morisky questionnaire and general questionnaire to collect information that relate to the patient lifestyle, diet, age, sex etc. It was found that 60% of hospitalized patients involved in the study had low adherents, 26.6% medium and only 13.3% were high adherents compared to non hospitalized with 33.3% being high adherents, 33.3% low and medium adherents, and the direct relationship between decreased adherence and increased hospitalization rates, also noticed the effects of age, complexity of treatment, patient provider interactions and unwanted side effects of medications on the rates of adherence. The study found that low adherence was higher in hospitalized patients; the rate of high adherence was increased in non hospitalized patients. Adherence to prescriptions is linked to age, patients' beliefs, education about their health, their trust in health care workers.
Graphene is one of the most important compounds that possess a lot of very unique chemical properties. The importance of graphene and its diverse medical use in all directions has increased, making this matter the focus of attention and attention of scientists and medical specialists with regard to the early diagnosis of cancer and tumors, its clinical follow-up and treatment, especially in recent years. In this review, the medical and pharmacological applications and uses of graphene in the early diagnosis of different types of cancer and how to follow up on disease cases were discussed. The most important difficulties facing researchers in the applied medical field of graphene were also discussed. The important and exceptional feature of graphene composite was the influential point in the diversity of medical applications of graphene, including electronic superconductivity, very high surface area, thermal conductivity, mechanical strength, low economic cost, and possible development methods .A deep and comprehensive understanding of the interactions of graphene, which include organs and tissues, could lead to the production or formation of nano platforms such as graphene oxide that are more productive than graphene, Which has shown many important achievements regarding the applications of medical sensors that were in their initial stages.
Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient is a substance that considered as one of the important materials that enter into the manufacture of the final pharmaceutical product, and its activity. Pharmaceuticals have a significant impact on the treatment and diagnosis of pathological conditions, and thus reduce the economic burden of the disease. As well, it has a role in the restoration, correction, or modification of physiological functions in human. Excipients play an important role in a drug's performance, including bioavailability, improving solubility, preserving the PH, stability, and determining the profile of the release. The reduction in the production cost of active pharmaceutical ingredient is not only due to the reduction in workers' wages, beside to innovations in the production method, which could help to reduce the economic state. The excipients have an essential part in industry of drugs, which contain a dependable, repeatable production method that produces a more stable product over time and increasing patient compliance.
Introduction and analysis: A comprehensive literature search was performed using PubMed and Google Scholar databases. The paper analyses works published within 2013 and 2025 were highlighted to ensure up-to-date judgements. Microorganism settle with all human body surfaces like gastrointestinal tract. Affecting broad of aspects regarding body physiological activities as a mediator, homeostasis, metabolism, inflammatory responses and most important is the interaction between gut microbiota enzymes and orally administered drugs. The review discuss many interventions regards microbiota within drugs that leads to hinder and fluctuates the bioavailability and effectiveness. Some interactions lead to reduce the efficacy of intake drugs while other may boost the therapy, by its effect on absorption, metabolism and reconditioning. A list of examples easy to access within database reveals the dug microbiota interaction by different mechanism, this review shows few examples upon different way of interaction to present a clear understands to such interventions. Conclusion: It is worthy to aim targeting the gut microbiota in different diseases, to assist in slow progression and improve the treatment. Therefore, by concentrating on all of these gaps and offering a genuine answer through creative methods, new trustworthy diagnostic tools, and microbiome targeted therapy, it is hoped to reduce response fluctuation and improve quality of life.
Objective: As the pandemic effect of viral infection with COVID-19 caused dreadful from death in worldwide, thereafter many vaccines manufactured against it. The aim of this study is to explore the acceptability of anti-COVID-19 vaccine in Iraqi population. Methods: An online survey conducted in February 2022 among current vaccinated people that included 308 participants (108 males and 200 females) aged (18-66) years. The questionnaire involved questions about the vaccine type ,vaccine dose number, presence of infection after vaccination, symptom of infection after vaccination, period of infection appearance after vaccination, duration of infection presence after vaccination. Results: The upper percent of questionnaire database reported that 68% of people take Pfizer vaccine, 84 % of people take twice dose of vaccine. Moreover, 68 % of people not infected after taking vaccine, symptom that appear after vaccination 15% mild to moderate. While, the period of infection appearance after vaccination was 25% more than one month, and the duration of infection presence after vaccination was 22% about one week. Conclusion: The outcomes of this study showed the important role of anti- COVID-19 vaccine in constricted the spreading effect of COVID-19 infection for a reasonable level.